SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Parnassiaceae</title>

</head>

Parnassiaceae

</h1>

</header>

Parnassiaceae <a href="Samuel_Frederick_Gray" title="Samuel Frederick Gray">Gray</a> were a <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of <a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> in the <a href="Eudicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudicot">eudicot</a> <a href="Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heywood2007-1">[1]</a> The family is not recognized in the <a href="APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III system</a> of <a href="History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">plant classification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apgiii-2">[2]</a> When that <a href="Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">system</a> was published in 2009, Parnassiaceae were treated as subfamily Parnassioideae of an expanded family <a href="Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apweb-3">[3]</a>

Parnassiaceae have only two <a href="Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>, <a href="Lepuropetalon" title="Lepuropetalon">Lepuropetalon</a> and <a href="Parnassia" title="Parnassia">Parnassia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-simmons2004-4">[4]</a> Lepuropetalon has only one <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a>, <a href="Lepuropetalon_spathulatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepuropetalon spathulatum">Lepuropetalon spathulatum</a>, a <a href="Annual_plant#Winter_annuals" title="Annual plant">winter annual</a> that usually prefers <a href="Sand" title="Sand">sandy</a> <a href="Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. It is one of the smallest of flowering plants, up to 2 cm tall.<a href="#cite_note-spongberg1972-5">[5]</a> Lepuropetalon has a <a href="Disjunct_distribution" title="Disjunct distribution">disjunct distribution</a>, being known from the southeastern <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and central <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>,<a href="#cite_note-engler1930-6">[6]</a> but is probably far more common than has been reported.<a href="#cite_note-ward1987-7">[7]</a>

Parnassia is a genus of <a href="Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> <a href="Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbs</a>, up to 60 cm tall, that grow in <a href="Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>, <a href="Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a>, and other wet areas, mostly in cool to cold <a href="Climate" title="Climate">climates</a> of the north <a href="Temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zone">temperate zone</a>. There are at least 70 species.<a href="#cite_note-wu2005-8">[8]</a> Sixty-three species occur in <a href="China" title="China">China</a> and 49 of these occur nowhere else.<a href="#cite_note-Gu2001-9">[9]</a> A second area of <a href="Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a> for Parnassia is <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and about 9 species occur there.<a href="#cite_note-usdaplants-10">[10]</a> <a href="Parnassia_palustris" title="Parnassia palustris">Parnassia palustris</a> is the most well known and widely distributed species. It ranges through most of northern <a href="Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the western <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phillips1982-11">[11]</a> Parnassia palustris is widely <a href="Gardening" title="Gardening">cultivated</a>. About 10 species are known in cultivation, all as <a href="Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamentals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-huxley1992-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

Parnassiaceae are <a href="Rhizomatous" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomatous">rhizomatous</a> <a href="Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> <a href="Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbs</a> (Parnassia) or winter annuals without a rhizome (Lepuropetalon). The youngest part of the stem has three collateral <a href="Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">vascular bundles</a>. On the stems, leaves, and flowers, the <a href="Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a> has sacs filled with <a href="Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a>. The leaves are <a href="Leaf#Arrangement_on_the_stem" title="Leaf">alternate</a> or <a href="Leaf#Arrangement_on_the_stem" title="Leaf">subopposite</a>, without <a href="Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a>, and the margins are <a href="Leaf_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shape">entire</a>. The leaf <a href="Leaf#Anatomy" title="Leaf">blade</a> is wide compared to its length and the <a href="Leaf_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf vein">secondary venation</a> is <a href="Palmate" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmate">subpalmate</a>.

In Parnassia, the leaves are crowded into a <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#B" title="Glossary of botanical terms">basal</a> <a href="Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">rosette</a> with a few <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#C" title="Glossary of botanical terms">cauline</a> leaves above. The leaves are all cauline in Lepuropetalon.

In both genera, the lower cauline leaves are <a href="Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">pseudosessile</a>,<a href="#cite_note-simmons2004-4">[4]</a> which means that the <a href="Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a> are <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#A" title="Glossary of botanical terms">adnate</a> to the stems. The upper cauline leaves, if present, are truly <a href="Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">sessile</a>.

The <a href="Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> consists of one, or rarely two, flowers that face upward and are at the end of a <a href="Peduncle_(botany)" title="Peduncle (botany)">peduncle</a> that has few or no leaves. The <a href="Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are <a href="Perfect_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect flower">perfect</a> and slightly <a href="Zygomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomorphic">zygomorphic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-simmons2004-4">[4]</a> The five <a href="Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a> are shortly <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#C" title="Glossary of botanical terms">connate</a> at their bases,<a href="#cite_note-apweb-3">[3]</a> and <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#P" title="Glossary of botanical terms">persistent</a> through maturity of the fruit. The <a href="Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> are either absent, or five and <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#F" title="Glossary of botanical terms">free</a> from each other. In Parnassia, the petals are showy and white or cream, with conspicuous veins that are usually green or gray. The margins are <a href="Leaf_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shape">entire</a>, <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#T" title="Glossary of botanical terms">toothed</a>, or <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#F" title="Glossary of botanical terms">fimbriate</a>. In Lepuropetalon, the petals are rudimentary or absent.

In both genera, the five <a href="Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> are free from each other. They are placed opposite the sepals and therefore alternate with the petals. The <a href="Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> open in sequence above the <a href="Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a> (see next section). The five <a href="Staminode" title="Staminode">staminodes</a> are free and placed opposite the petals. They mature after the stamens.<a href="#cite_note-apweb-3">[3]</a> Each consists of a <a href="Nectar" title="Nectar">nectariferous</a> pad with filamentous rays arising from its edge. Each ray is terminated by a large globular gland.

The <a href="Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovary</a> is <a href="Superior_ovary" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior ovary">superior</a> or half <a href="Inferior_ovary" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior ovary">inferior</a> and consists of 3 or 4, rarely 5, fused <a href="Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a>. The walls of the carpels are incomplete so that the ovary is <a href="Locule" title="Locule">unilocular</a> in its upper part.<a href="#cite_note-simmons2004-4">[4]</a> The <a href="Placentation" title="Placentation">placentation</a> is <a href="Placentation" title="Placentation">parietal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apweb-3">[3]</a> The <a href="Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a> are attached to T-shaped <a href="Placentation" title="Placentation">placentas</a> in Parnassia, and directly to the ovary wall in Lepuropetalon. The <a href="Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> is absent or very short. The <a href="Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigmas</a> are <a href="Decurrent" title="Decurrent">decurrent</a> along the <a href="Commissure" title="Commissure">commissures</a> of the ovary and sometimes extended above, to form false styles called <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#S" title="Glossary of botanical terms">stylodia</a>. The stigmatic areas are dry. The <a href="Megagametophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Megagametophyte">megagametophyte</a> is of the ''Polygonum'' type.

The <a href="Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is an erect, membranous <a href="Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a>, which opens at the <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#A" title="Glossary of botanical terms">apex</a> only. The <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> are small, light, and numerous.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oddities">Oddities</h2></div>

Parnassias are often grown as curiosities for their unique and prominent <a href="Staminode" title="Staminode">staminodes</a>. Further examination reveals additional oddities.

The lowest leaves on the stem appear to be <a href="Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">sessile</a>, but in fact the <a href="Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> is <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#A" title="Glossary of botanical terms">adnate</a> to the stem and embedded in it. The <a href="Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">conductive vessels</a> that enervate the leaf depart from those of the stem far below where the leaf is attached.

As soon as the flower opens, the stamens begin to elongate.<a href="#cite_note-simmons2004-4">[4]</a> One of them bends inward, opens the <a href="Theca" title="Theca">thecae</a> of its <a href="Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anther</a>, and dumps its <a href="Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> on the <a href="Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovary</a>. It then bends away from the ovary to the outside of the flower. Another stamen then repeats this process. It takes about one day for a stamen to complete its motions, and the order in which they do so varies from one flower to another.

The area that is receptive to pollen, the <a href="Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigmatic area</a>, is not confined to the apex of the ovary or mounted on a <a href="Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> as in most flowers, but extends in bands down the sides of the ovary along the <a href="Commissure" title="Commissure">commissures</a>, the seams where the <a href="Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a> that compose the ovary are joined together. Such commissural stigmas have been discovered in <a href="Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-matthews2005-13">[13]</a> but as late as 1972, they were known only from Parnassiaceae and from the <a href="Eudicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudicot">basal eudicot</a> family <a href="Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spongberg1972-5">[5]</a>

Lepuropetalon shares with Parnassia the pseudosessile leaves and the commissural stigmas. It also dumps its pollen on the ovary, but without the elaborate dance of the stamens. Unlike Parnassia, however, its staminodes are small and lack glands.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships">Relationships</h2></div>

The genus Parnassia was named by <a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in 1753 for <a href="Mount_Parnassus" title="Mount Parnassus">Mount Parnassus</a> in <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-linnaeus1753-14">[14]</a> In 1821, <a href="Samuel_Frederick_Gray" title="Samuel Frederick Gray">Samuel Frederick Gray</a> put Parnassia in its own family, Parnassiaceae.<a href="#cite_note-Gray1821-15">[15]</a> In that same year, <a href="Stephen_Elliott_(botanist)" title="Stephen Elliott (botanist)">Stephen Elliott</a> gave Lepuropetalon its name and published a description of it.<a href="#cite_note-elliott1821-16">[16]</a> The name is from two <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words, lepyron, "husk, rind, or shell", and petalon, "leaf or petal".<a href="#cite_note-quattrocchi2000-17">[17]</a>

In 1930, botanist <a href="Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Adolf Engler</a> published descriptions of Lepuropetalon and Parnassia with detailed illustrations.<a href="#cite_note-engler1930-6">[6]</a> He did not consider them to be closely related and placed each in its own subfamily among the 15 subfamilies that he recognized in <a href="Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a>. Others thought that they were closely related. One of these was Steven Spongberg, who did a detailed study of Lepuropetalon and placed it in Saxifragaceae in the same subfamily with Parnassia.<a href="#cite_note-spongberg1972-5">[5]</a> Most authors have followed Engler or Spongberg in their treatment of these two genera, but often with considerable doubt. Several other possible relationships have been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-simmons2004-4">[4]</a>

In 2001, a <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> study showed that Lepuropetalon and Parnassia were much closer to each other than to any others.<a href="#cite_note-simmons2001-18">[18]</a> This was the first DNA study to give strong statistical support (98% <a href="Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">bootstrap</a> support) for this relationship.

In 2005, a study of flower structure concluded that the family Parnassiaceae belonged in the order <a href="Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a> with <a href="Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a>, and a broadly defined <a href="Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a>, including <a href="Mortonia_(plant)" title="Mortonia (plant)">Mortonia</a> and <a href="Pottingeria" title="Pottingeria">Pottingeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-matthews2005-13">[13]</a>

In 2006, a study of <a href="DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequences</a> confirmed that Lepuropetalon and Parnassia form a <a href="Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling (statistics)">strongly supported</a> <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zhang2006-19">[19]</a> This study also showed strong <a href="Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">support</a> for a <a href="Polytomy" title="Polytomy">pentatomy</a> consisting of <a href="Pottingeria" title="Pottingeria">Pottingeria</a>, <a href="Mortonia_(plant)" title="Mortonia (plant)">Mortonia</a>, Parnassiaceae, and two clades of <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> from <a href="Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a> as that family had been <a href="Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscribed</a> in <a href="APG_II" class="mw-redirect" title="APG II">APG II</a>. The relationships between these five clades remain unresolved.

In 2009, the <a href="Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> expanded the family Celastraceae to consist of the five clades of the pentatomy mentioned above.<a href="#cite_note-apgiii-2">[2]</a> A <a href="Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> <a href="Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">infrafamilial</a> <a href="Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classification</a> of Celastraceae <a href="Sensu" title="Sensu">sensu</a> APG III has not yet been published.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-heywood2007-1"><a href="#cite_ref-heywood2007_1-0">^</a> Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007).

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFAngiosperm_Phylogeny_Group2009" class="citation journal cs1">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-apweb-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apweb_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apweb_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apweb_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apweb_3-3">d</a> Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see external links below)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-simmons2004-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simmons2004_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simmons2004_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simmons2004_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simmons2004_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simmons2004_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simmons2004_4-5">f</a> Mark P. Simmons "Parnassiaceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. VI. Springer-Verlag: Berlin,Heidelberg (2004).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-spongberg1972-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spongberg1972_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spongberg1972_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spongberg1972_5-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFSpongberg1972" class="citation journal cs1">Spongberg, Stephen A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43781814">"The Genera of Saxifragaceae in the Southeastern United States"</a>. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 53 (4): 409–498 [458–466]. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43781814">43781814</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-engler1930-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-engler1930_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-engler1930_6-1">b</a> Adolf Engler (1930). "Saxifragaceae" In: Adolf Engler and Karl Prantl (eds.). Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, edition 2 vol.18a:178-182.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ward1987-7"><a href="#cite_ref-ward1987_7-0">^</a> Daniel B. Ward and Angus K. Gholson (1987). "The hidden abundance of Lepuropetalon spathulatum(Saxifragaceae) and its first recorded occurrence in Florida". Castanea 52(1):59-67.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-wu2005-8"><a href="#cite_ref-wu2005_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWuWangLiBlackmore2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Ding; Wang, Hong; Li, De-Zhu; Blackmore, Stephen (2005). "Pollen morphology of Parnassia L. (Parnassiaceae) and its systematic implications". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 47 (1): 2–12. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7909.2005.00008.x">10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00008.x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gu2001-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Gu2001_9-0">^</a> Gu Cuizhi and Ulla-Maj Hultgård (2001). "Parnassia" In: Wu Zheng-yi and Peter H. Raven. Flora of China vol.8:358–379. Science Press: Beijing. Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, MO, USA.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-usdaplants-10"><a href="#cite_ref-usdaplants_10-0">^</a> USDA Plants Database (see external links below)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-phillips1982-11"><a href="#cite_ref-phillips1982_11-0">^</a> Raymond B. Phillips (1982). "Systematics of Parnassia (Parnassiaceae): Generic overview and revision of North American taxa". Ph.D thesis. University of California at Berkeley.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-huxley1992-12"><a href="#cite_ref-huxley1992_12-0">^</a> <a href="Anthony_Huxley" title="Anthony Huxley">Anthony Huxley</a>, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-matthews2005-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthews2005_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthews2005_13-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMatthewsEndress2005" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Merran L.; Endress, Peter K. (2005). "Comparative floral structure and systematics in Celastrales (Celastraceae, Parnassiaceae, Lepidobotryaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 149 (2): 129–194. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2005.00445.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00445.x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-linnaeus1753-14"><a href="#cite_ref-linnaeus1753_14-0">^</a> Linnaeus (1753). Species Plantarum vol.1, page 273. (see external links below).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gray1821-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Gray1821_15-0">^</a> Samuel Frederick Gray (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants According to Their Relations to Each Other... vol.II pages 623 and 670. Baldwin, Craddock, and Joy: London. (see external links below).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-elliott1821-16"><a href="#cite_ref-elliott1821_16-0">^</a> Stephen Elliott (1821). A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia vol.I page 370. J.R. Schenck: Charleston, SC, USA. (see external links below).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-quattrocchi2000-17"><a href="#cite_ref-quattrocchi2000_17-0">^</a> Umberto Quattrocchi (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names vol.II, page 1474. CRC Press.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-simmons2001-18"><a href="#cite_ref-simmons2001_18-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSimmonsSavolainenClevingerArcher2001" class="citation journal cs1">Simmons, Mark P; Savolainen, Vincent; Clevinger, Curtis C; Archer, Robert H; Davis, Jerrold I (2001). "Phylogeny of the Celastraceae Inferred from 26S Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, Phytochrome B, rbcL, atpB, and Morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 19 (3): 353–366. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fmpev.2001.0937">10.1006/mpev.2001.0937</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-zhang2006-19"><a href="#cite_ref-zhang2006_19-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZhangSimmons2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Li-Bing; Simmons, Mark P. (2006). "Phylogeny and delimitation of the Celastrales inferred from nuclear and plastid genes". Systematic Botany. 31 (1): 122–137. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1600%2F036364406775971778">10.1600/036364406775971778</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064134">25064134</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/orders/celastralesweb.html">"Celastrales"</a>. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. <a href="Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-13.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12069590">Species Plantarum</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OEYAAAAYAAJ&q=A+Natural+Arrangement+of+British+Plants">A Natural Arrangement of British Plants...</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uq4YAAAAYAAJ&q=A+Sketch+of+the+Botany+of+South-Carolina+and+Georgia">A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3022" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3022" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Parnassiaceae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162149" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q162149">Q162149</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115410">115410</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55613">55613</a></li>

<li><a href="Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A50668133-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:50668133-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/42000470">42000470</a></li>

<li>Watson & Dallwitz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/parnassi.htm">parnassi</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=425987">425987</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Parnassiaceae&oldid=1279773362">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>